Italian American

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{{Infobox Ethnic group|group = Italian American|image =
|region1 = New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New England, Illinois, California, Florida, Ohio[Rudy GiulianiFiorello LaGuardiaMartin Scorsese ], Italian language, Sicilian language, Neapolitan language, other (predominantly Mezzogiorno) Italian dialects and List of languages of Italy|rels = Roman Catholic of [Italy descent. The phrase may refer to someone born in the United States of Italian heritage or to someone who has immigrated to the United States from Italy.

History Italians arrived early in the Americas in small numbers, many of which fleeing after the failure of revolutionary movements in 1848 and 1861, though most immigration from Italy occurred between 1880 and 1960. Many Italian Americans came from Southern Italy and Sicily as rural peasants with very little education. From 1890 to 1900, 655,888 arrived in the United States, of whom two-thirds were men. The main factor in Italian immigration was a poor economy in Italy, particularly in the southern regions. In America, Italians settled in and dominated specific neighborhoods (often called "Little Italy") where they could interact with one another, establish a familiar cultural presence, and find favorite foods.

The Italian immigrants usually arrived with very little cash or cultural capital (that is, they were not educated or intellectually sophisticated) and generally performed manual labor. Their neighborhoods were typically slums with overcrowded Apartment building and poor sanitation. Tuberculosis was rampant. Italian immigration peaked from 1900 until 1914, when World War I made such intercontinental movement impossible. In many cases, the Italian immigrants were subjected to severe anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant discrimination and even violence such as lynching{{cite book | last = Gambino | first = Richard | title = Vendetta: A true story of the worst lynching in America, the mass murder of Italian-Americans in New Orleans in 1891, the vicious motivations behind it, and the tragic repercussions that linger to this day. | publisher = [Doubleday | date = 1977 | isbn = 0-385-12273-X-->

By 1978, 5.3 million Italians had immigrated to the United States; two million arrived between 1900 and 1914. About a third of these immigrants intended to stay only briefly, in order to make money and return to Italy, and were commonly referred to as "Birds of Passage." While one in four did return home, the rest either decided to stay or were prevented from returning by the war.

Internment during World War II The internment of Italian Americans during World War II has often been overshadowed by the Japanese American experience. Recently, however, books such as Una Storia Segreta (ISBN 1-890771-40-6) by Lawrence DiStasi and Uncivil Liberties (ISBN 1-58112-754-5) by Stephen Fox have been published, and movies, such as Prisoners Among Us have been made. These efforts reveal that during World War II, roughly 600,000 Italians were required to carry identity cards that labelled them "resident aliens." Some 10,000 people in war zones on the West Coast were required to move inland, while hundreds of others were held in military camps for up to two years. Lawrence DiStasi claims that these wartime restrictions and internments contributed more than anything else to the loss of spoken Italian in the United States. After Italy declared war on the U.S., many Italian language papers and schools were forced, almost overnight, to close by the U.S. Government because of their past support for an enemy government.

Involvement in World War II During World War II, many Italian-Americans joined or were drafted into the armed forces to fight the Axis Powers; many women also enlisted. An estimated 1.2 million Italian-Americans served in the armed forces during World War II; this represented 7.5% of the 16 million total who served.

Italian-American service and assistance were pivotal during the Allied invasion of Sicily, where United States government troops worked with locals (including Mafia) in order to secure and fortify the newly-acquired foothold in Europe. Numerous texts document the delicate relations the United States government established with Italian-American organized crime figures in the U.S. and the manner in which these were used to help ensure a successful landing in Sicily. It is rumored that even Lucky Luciano helped smooth relations between the two communities during World War II.

Demographics Numbers In the 2000 United States Census, Italian Americans constituted the sixth largest Racial demographics of the United States#Racial makeup of U.S. population in America with about 15.6 million people (5.6% of the total U.S. population). Sicilian Americans are a subset of numerous Americans of regional Italian ancestries.

Politics , which is the largest Italian American fraternal organization in the United States.In the 1930s, Italian Americans voted heavily Democratic Party (United States); since the 1960s, they have split about evenly between the Democratic and the Republican Party (United States) parties. The United States Congress includes Italian Americans who are regarded as leaders in both the Republican and Democratic parties. The highest ranking Italian American politician is currently Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) who became the first woman and Italian American Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, but former Republican Party (United States) New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani is a candidate for the U.S. presidency in the United States presidential election, 2008, as is Colorado Congressman Tom Tancredo.

Culture Many Italian Americans still retain aspects of their culture. This includes Italian-American cuisine art, Roman Catholic Church, annual Italian American feasts and a strong commitment to extended family. Italian Americans influenced popular music in the 1940s and as recently in the 1970s, one of their major contributions to American culture. In movies that deal with cultural issues, Italian American words and lingo are sometimes spoken by the characters. Although most will not speak Italian fluently, a dialect of sorts has arisen among Italian Americans, particularly in the urban Northeastern United States, often popularized in film and television.

Among the most characteristic and popular of Italian American cultural contributions has been their feasts. Throughout the United States, wherever one may find an "Italian neighborhood" (often referred to as 'Little Italy') one can find festive celebrations such as the well known Feast of San Gennaro in New York City, the unique Williamsburg, Brooklyn#Feast of St. Paulinus and Our Lady of Mount Carmel in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, New York, the Ciciarata in Ambler, Pennsylvania or the lesser known Festál#Italy: Festa Italiana, in Seattle. The Our Lady of Mount Carmel Festival has been celebrated annually in Hammonton, New Jersey for over 125 years.

Italian feasts involve elaborate displays of devotion to God and patron saints. Perhaps the most widely known is St. Joseph's feast day on March 19th. These feasts are much more than simply isolated events within the year. They express a "typically Italian" approach to life and are taken very seriously by the communities who prepare them. Feast (Festa in Italian) is an umbrella term for the various secular and religious, indoor and outdoor activities surrounding a religious holiday. Typically, Italian feasts consist of festive communal meals, religious services, games of chance and skill and elaborate outdoor processions consisting of statues resplendent in jewels and donations. This merriment usually takes place over the course of several days, and is communally prepared by a church community or a religious organization over the course of several months.

Currently, there are more than 300 Italian feasts celebrated throughout the United States. These feasts are visited each year by millions of Americans from various backgrounds who come together to enjoy Italian delicacies such as Zeppole and sausage sandwiches. Though in past, and still unto this day, much of Italian American culture is centered around music and food, in recent years, a large and growing group of Italian American authors are having success publishing and selling books in America. These stories, novels, poems, and essays have little or nothing at all to do with the Mafia stereotype that has been foisted upon Italian Americans. It is a fact that there is no larger percentage of crime among this group than any other nationality in the United States. Many texts and statistics show this to be a mere false stereotype in the populist American mind. . Also see, "Sterotypoing," below.

Some of the authors who have written about everyday, hardworking Italians are Pietro DiDonato , Lawrence Ferlinghetti , Dana Gioia , Executive Director of the National Endowment for the Arts; Daniela Gioseffi , Winner of the John Ciardi Award for Lifetime Achievement in Poetry, and Helen Barolini, author of The Dream Book, a collection of Italian American women's writings. Both women are American Book Award Winners and pioneers of Italian American writing, as is poet, Maria Mazziotti Gillan . These women have authored many books depicting Italian American women in a new light. They, along with several other poets and writers, can be found at Italian American Writers .

Among the scholars who have led the Renaissance in Italian American literature are professors Richard Gambino, Anthony Julian Tamburri, Paolo Giordano, and Fred Gardaphe. The later three founded Bordighera Press, Inc. and edited From the Margin, An Anthology of Italian American Writing, Purdue Univeristy Press. These men along with professors like novelist and accomplished critic, Dr. Josephine Gattuso-Hendin of New York University, have taught Italian American studies far and wide, at such insitutions as The City University of New York, John D. Calandra Institute , Queens College, CUNY, and The State University of New York at Stonybrook, as well as Brooklyn College, where Dr. Robert Viscusi, founded the Italian American Writers Association , and is an author and American Book Award winner, himself.

As a result of the efforts of magazines like VIA: Voices in Italian Americana, and Italian Americana, and many authors old and young, too numerous to mention, as well as early immigrant, pioneer writers like poet, Emanuel Carnevali, "Furnished Rooms," and novelist, Pietro DiDonato, author of "Christ in Concrete " --Italian Americans are beginning to read more of their own writers. A growing number of books featuring ordinary, hardworking Italians--having nothing to do with criminality--are published yearly to confront the cruel television and Hollywood stereotyping of this ethnic group. (See "Stereotyping," below.) Famed authors like Don DeLillo, Gilbert Sorrentino, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Tina DeRosa, Kim Addonizio, Daniela Gioseffi, Dana Gioia, to name a mere few who have broken through to main stream American literature and publishing, are changing the image of Italians in America with their books, stories, poems and essays far too numerous to site. Many of these authors' books and writings are easily found on the internet and on Italian American Writers as well as in bibliographies online at Stonybrook University's Italian American Studies Dept. in New York or at The Italian American Writers Association website . The cultural face of Italian Americana is widening and changing daily to combat stereotyping by American movies and television.

Religion Most if not virtually all immigrants had been Catholics in Italy. Observers have noted that they often became more devoutly Catholic in the United States, since their faith was a distinctive characteristic in the U.S.; devout Italian Americans often identified themselves as "Catholics" when talking to coworkers or neighbors. In Italy, there are religious minorities of Greek Catholics, Greek Orthodox and Italian Jews, whose religious community date back 2,000 years, also took part in the Italian immigration to America.

In some Italian American communities, Saint Joseph's Day (March 19) is marked by celebrations and parades. Columbus Day is also widely celebrated, as are the feasts of some regional Italian patron saints, most notably Januarius (September 19) (especially by those claiming Naples heritage), and Santa Rosalia (September 4) by immigrants from Sicily. The immigrants from Potenza celebrate the Saint Rocco day feast at the Potenza Lodge in Denver, Colorado. Rocco is the patron saint of Potenza. Many still celebrate the Christmas season with a Feast of the seven fishes.In Cleveland, Ohio, the Feast of Assumption is celebrated in Cleveland's Little Italy on August 15. On this feast day, people will pin money on Blessed Virgin Mary statue as symbol of prosperity. The statue is paraded through Little Italy to Holy Rosary Parish. For almost 25 years,Cleveland Catholic Bishop Anthony Pilla would join in the parade and mass due to his Italian heritage. Pilla resigned in April 2006, but he still celebrates.

Some Italian American Catholics left the Catholic Church and joined the Episcopal Church in the United States of America because of disagreement with local Catholic Church leadership.

There are many non-Catholic Italian Americans today. Many are Episcopal Church in the United States of America because of that church's similarity to the Roman Catholic Church. For example, Fiorello LaGuardia was an Episcopalian (on his father's side; his mother was from the small but significant community of Italian Jews). It should also be noted that the first group of Italian immigrants to Trenton, NJ converted to Baptist. In the early 1900s, a number of Protestant denominations and missionaries worked in urban Italian American neighborhoods of the Northeast.

Education According to United States Census, 2000 data, Italian Americans have a greater high school graduation rate than the national average, and a greater than or equal rate of advanced degrees compared to the national average. Italian Americans have a median annual income of $61,300. Italian Americans throughout the United States are well represented in a wide variety of occupations and professions, from skilled trades, to the arts, to engineering, science, mathematics, law, and medicine, and include numerous Nobel prize List of Nobel laureates.

Italian language in the United States According to the from 1998 to 2002, the enrollment in college Italian language courses grew by 30%, faster than the enrollment rates for French and German. Italian is the fourth most commonly taught foreign language in U.S. colleges and universities behind Spanish, French, and German. According to the U.S. 2000 Census, Italian is the fifth (seventh overall) most spoken language in the United States (tied with Vietnamese) with over 1 million speakers.

As a result of the large wave of Italian immigration to the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th centuries, the Italian language was once widely spoken in much of the U.S., especially in northeastern and Great Lakes area cities, as well as, San Francisco and New Orleans. Italian-language newspapers exist in many American cities, especially New York City, and Italian-language movie theatres existed in the U.S. as late as the 1950s.

Today, Prizes like The Bordighera Annual Poetry Prize founded by Daniela Gioseffi and Alfredo di Palchi with support from the Sonia Rraiziss-Giop Foundation, and Bordighera Press, which publishes the winners in bilingual editions, have helped to encourage writers of the diaspora to write and read in Italian. Chelsea Books in New York City and Gradiva Press on Long Island have published many bilingual books also due to the efforts of bilingual writers of the diaspora like Paolo Valesio , Alfredo de Palchi , Luigi Fontanella. Dr. Luigi Bonaffini of The City University of New York, publisher of The Journal of Italian Translation at Brooklyn College, has fostered Italian dialectic poetry throughout his homeland and the USA. Joseph Tusiani of New York and New York University , a highly distinguised linguist and prize winning poet born in Italy, paved the way for Italian works of literature in Engllish and has published many bilingual books and Italian classics for the American audience, among them the first complete works of Michaelangelo's poems in English to be published in the United States. All of this literary endeavor has helped to foster the Italian language, along with the Italian opera, of course, in the United States. Many of these authors and their bilingual books are located througout the internet.

Author Lawrence Distasi argues that the loss of spoken Italian among the Italian American population can be tied to U.S. government pressures during World War II. During World War II, in various parts of the country, the U.S. government displayed signs that read, Don't Speak the Enemy's Language. Such signs designated the languages of the Axis powers, German, Japanese, and Italian, as "enemy languages". Shortly after the U.S. declared war on the Axis powers, many Italian, Japanese and German citizens were interned. Among the Italian Americans, those who spoke Italian, who had never taken out citizenship papers, and who belonged to groups that praised Benito Mussolini, were most likely to become candidates for internment. Distasi claims that many Italian language schools closed down in the San Francisco Bay Area within a week of the U.S. declaration of war on the Axis powers. Such closures were inevitable since most of the teachers in Italian languages were interned.

Despite the pressures of the US government during World War II, now more than ever, children of Italian heritage, especially paternal heritage, are given Italian names, and raised in traditional Italian ways. The Italian language is still spoken and studied by those of Italian American descent, and it can be heard in various American communities, especially among older Italian Americans. During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, interest in Italian language and culture has surged among Italian Americans. Today's Italian American youth no longer take for granted the impressive contributions Italians and Italian Americans have made to Western civilization, especially in the areas of fine art, music, science, philosophy, law, medicine, education, literature, architecture, and cuisine.

There is, however, a dilemma for Italian Americans who consider re-learning the language of their ancestors. The formal "Italian" that is taught in colleges and universities is generally not the "Italian" with which Italian Americans are acquainted. Eighty percent of Italian Americans are of Southern Italian origin; therefore, the languages spoken by their families who arrived between 1880-1920 were most likely variations of the Neapolitan language and Sicilian language dialects with perhaps some degree of influence from Italian language. Because the Italian of Italian Americans comes from a time just after the unification of the state, their language is in many ways anachronistic and demonstrates what the dialects of Southern Italy used to be at the time. Because of this, Italian Americans studying Italian are often learning a language that does not include all of the words and phrases they know, and which their ancestors would not have recognized well.

The situation is even more pronounced among Italian Americans whose ancestors came to the United States from Northern Italy. Italian Americans variously of Emilia-Romagnan, Lombardy, Liguria, Marchese, Piemonte, Veneto and other Northern Italian heritage are even further moved away, linguistically, from the languages of their ancestors through the Italian language.

Stereotypes History In the 1890-1920 period Italian Americans were often stereotyped as being "violent" and "controlled by the Mafia". In the 1920s, many Americans used the Sacco and Vanzetti trial, in which two Italian anarchists were wrongly sentenced to death, to denounce Italian immigrants as anarchists and criminals. During the 1800s and early 20th century, Italian Americans were one of the most likely groups to be lynched. In 1891, eleven Italian immigrants in New Orleans were Lynching due to their ethnicity and suspicion of being involved in the Mafia. This was the largest mass lynching in the United States in US history. National Great Blacks in Wax Museaum - Italian Lynching

Present To this day, Italian Americans are frequently and unfairly associated with organized crime, and New York in the minds of many Americans, largely due to pervasive media stereotyping, a number of popular Crime film (such as The Godfather and Goodfellas) and television series such as The Sopranos. A Zogby International survey revealed that 78 percent of teenagers 13 to 18 associated Italian Americans with either criminal activity or blue-collar work. A survey by the Response Analysis Corp. reported that 74 percent of adult Americans believe most Italian Americans have "some connection" to organized crime. Italian Americans still report some workplace discrimination and harassment. (see Anti-Italianism)

However, the National Italian American Foundation, the National American Italian Association and other Italian American organizations have asserted that the Mafia in the United States have never numbered more than a few thousand individuals, and that it is unfair to associate such a small minority with the general population of Italian Americans. Further, a majority of Italian Americans hold white collar jobs, including many distinguished positions in business, academia, the arts, medicine, and public service, as well as possessing advanced degrees.

Notable Italian Americans Communities States known for their high concentrations of Italian Americans include New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, Maryland, Illinois, California, Ohio,and Florida. Among major cities across the country, Boston, Chicago, Miami, New York City, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Detroit, and New Orleans have large Italian communities.

State totals of Italian Americans according to the United States Census, 2000 Numbers 1. New York 3,254,298
2. New Jersey 1,590,225
3. Pennsylvania 1,547,470
4. California 1,149,351
5. Florida 1,147,946
6. Massachusetts 918,838
7. Illinois 739,284
8. Ohio 720,847
9. Connecticut 652,016
10. Michigan 484,486

Percentage 1. Rhode Island 19.7%
2. Connecticut 18.6%
3. New Jersey 16.8%
4. New York 16.4%
5. Massachusetts 14.5%
6. Pennsylvania 13%

References and notes

Baily, Samuel L. Immigrants in the Lands of Promise : Italians in Buenos Aires and New York City, 1870-1914 (1999) Online in ACLA History E-book Project
Bona, Mary Jo. Claiming a Tradition: Italian American Women Writers (1999)
Diggins, John P. Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America (1972)
D'Agostino, Peter R. Rome in America: Transnational Catholic Ideology from the Risorgimento to Fascism (2004).
Gans, Herbert J. Urban Villagers (1982)
Guglielmo, Thomas A. White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890-1945 (2003)
Gardaphe, Fred L. Italian Signs, American Streets: The Evolution of Italian American Narrative (1996)
Giordano, Paolo A. and Anthony Julian Tamburri, eds. Beyond the Margin: Essays on Italian Americana (1998).
Hobbie, Margaret. Italian American Material Culture: A Directory of Collections, Sites, and Festivals in the United States and Canada (1992)
Juliani, Richard N. The Social Organization of Immigration: The Italians in Philadelphia (1980)
Juliani, Richard N. Building Little Italy: Philadelphia's Italians before Mass Migration (1998)
Juliani, Richard N. Priest, Parish, and People: Saving the Faith in Philadelphia's Little Italy (2007)
Lagumina, Salvatore J. et al eds. The Italian American Experience: An Encyclopedia (2000)
Stefano Luconi. The Italian-American Vote in Providence, R.I., 1916-1948 2005
Nelli, Humbert S. The Business of Crime: Italians and Syndicate Crime in the United States (1981)
Nelli, Humbert S. Italians in Chicago, 1880-1930: A Study in Ethnic Mobility (2005).
Prendergast, William B. The Catholic Voter in American Politics: The Passing of the Democratic Monolith (1999)
Smith, Tom. The Crescent City Lynchings: The Murder of Chief Hennessy, the New Orleans "Mafia" Trials, and the Parish Prison Mob (2007)
Sterba, Christopher M. Good Americans: Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World (2003)
Tamburri, Anthony Julian. A Semiotic of Ethnicity: In (Re)cognition of the Italian/American Writer (1998).
Tamburri, Anthony Julian, Paolo A. Giordano, Fred L. Gardaphé, eds. From the Margin: Writings in Italian Americana (2000, 2nd ed.)
Whyte, William Foote. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum (1993).
Fox, Stephen, The unknown internment: an oral history of the relocation of Italian Americans during World War II, (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990). ISBN 0-8057-9108-6.